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Measles, once considered nearly eradicated in the United States, is making a troubling comeback. Recent outbreaks have raised concerns about vaccination rates, global travel, and community spread. As a highly contagious virus, measles poses a significant health risk, particularly for young children and those with weakened immune systems. Here’s what you need to know about measles, how to prevent it, and what to do if you or your child may have been exposed.
Understanding Measles – What is it?
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus (rubeola). It primarily affects the respiratory system and spreads easily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Measles is not just a minor childhood illness—it can lead to severe complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis (swelling of the brain), and even death, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals.
How is Measles Spread?
Measles is one of the most contagious diseases in the world. Here’s how it spreads:
- Airborne transmission: The virus can linger in the air for up to two hours after an infected person leaves a room.
- Person-to-person contact: Measles spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or even talking.
- Contaminated surfaces: The virus can survive on surfaces for a few hours, and touching a contaminated surface followed by touching the face can lead to infection.
- Highly contagious period: A person with measles can spread the virus four days before and four days after the rash appears.
Because of its high transmission rate, 90% of unvaccinated individuals exposed to measles will contract it if they come into contact with an infected person.
Symptoms: How to Know If You Have Measles
Symptoms of measles typically appear 7 to 14 days after exposure and follow a distinct pattern:
1. Early symptoms (first 3-5 days):
- High fever (often above 101°F)
- Cough
- Runny nose
- Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
- Sensitivity to light
2. Koplik’s spots: Tiny white spots inside the mouth, often appearing before the rash.
3. Measles rash: Starts on the face and hairline, then spreads downward across the body. The rash consists of flat, red spots that may merge together. Fever may spike as the rash spreads.
Complications from measles include:
- Ear infections
- Diarrhea and dehydration
- Seizures
- Blindness
- Death (especially in young children, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women)
The risk of complications is higher in:
- Young children (under 5 years old)
- Pregnant women
- Immunocompromised individuals (e.g., those with HIV or undergoing chemotherapy)
How to Prevent Measles
The best way to prevent measles is through vaccination. The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine is highly effective, providing 97% immunity with two doses.
CDC Recommendations for MMR Vaccination:
First dose: 12-15 months of age
Second dose: 4-6 years of age
Unvaccinated adults: At least one dose, with two doses recommended for those at higher risk (college students, healthcare workers, international travelers)
Herd immunity is essential for preventing measles outbreaks. A community vaccination rate of at least 95% is necessary to prevent spread throughout the community.
Measles and Infants: What Parents Need to Know
Infants are particularly vulnerable to measles since they cannot receive the MMR vaccine until 12 months of age. Until then, parents should take extra precautions:
- Avoid travel to areas experiencing measles outbreaks.
- Limit exposure to crowded places where measles cases have been reported.
- Ensure all caregivers, siblings, and close contacts are fully vaccinated.
- If traveling internationally, an early MMR vaccine can be given at 6-11 months but will need to be repeated after 12 months for full protection.
Learn more about vaccines for infants.
What to Do If You Think You Have Measles
If you or your child show symptoms of measles, follow these steps:
Call your doctor before visiting the clinic: Measles is highly contagious, so notify the clinic ahead of time to prevent exposure to others.
Isolate from others: Avoid school, work, and public places for at least four days after the rash appears.
Manage symptoms at home:
- Get plenty of rest and stay hydrated.
- Use fever reducers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (for babies over 6 months).
- Keep the room dim if light sensitivity is an issue.
Seek immediate medical attention if there are signs of difficulty breathing, severe dehydration, confusion, or seizures.
Common Myths About Measles and the Vaccine
Myth #1: Measles is a Mild Childhood Illness
While some cases of measles may be mild, the virus can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and long-term neurological issues. Measles is responsible for over 100,000 deaths worldwide each year, primarily in unvaccinated children.
Myth #2: The MMR Vaccine Causes Autism
This myth originated from a now-debunked (inaccurate) and retracted 1998 study. Extensive research involving millions of children has found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) confirm the vaccine's safety.
Myth #3: Natural Immunity is Better than Vaccination
While recovering from measles does provide immunity, it comes with serious risks, including hospitalization and death. The vaccine provides immunity without exposing individuals to life-threatening complications.
Myth #4: Adults Don’t Need the MMR Vaccine
Adults who were never vaccinated or who only received one dose may still be at risk. Unvaccinated adults traveling internationally or working in healthcare should ensure they are protected.
Common Measles FAQs
Can you get measles if you’ve been vaccinated?
While the MMR vaccine is about 97% effective with two doses, a small percentage of vaccinated individuals may still get measles. However, vaccinated individuals who contract measles typically experience milder symptoms and lower risk of complications.
How long does measles last?
Measles symptoms typically last 7 to 10 days, with the rash appearing around day 3-5 and lasting for about a week.
What should I do if I think I’ve been exposed to measles?
If you believe you’ve been exposed, contact your healthcare provider immediately. If you are unvaccinated, receiving the MMR vaccine within 72 hours of exposure may help prevent the infection.
Is there a treatment for measles?
There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Supportive care, such as rest, hydration, fever management, and vitamin A supplementation (in certain cases), can help manage symptoms.
Can pregnant women get the MMR vaccine?
No, pregnant women should not receive the MMR vaccine because it is a live attenuated (disabled) vaccine. Women who are planning to become pregnant should ensure they are vaccinated at least one month before conception.
How long does MMR vaccine immunity last?
For most people, immunity from the MMR vaccine is lifelong after two doses. However, in rare cases, immunity may weaken over time. Adults at high risk (e.g., healthcare workers, international travelers) should consult their doctor about getting a booster dose.
Can I get the MMR vaccine if I have a mild illness?
Yes, individuals with mild illnesses such as a cold or low-grade fever can still receive the MMR vaccine. However, those with moderate to severe illnesses should wait until they recover.
Stay Informed and Stay Protected
Measles is a preventable disease, but it requires community-wide commitment to vaccination and public health awareness. If you have questions about the MMR vaccine or need to update your family’s immunization records, contact us today by calling or booking an appointment online. Together, we can prevent the spread of measles and protect our most vulnerable populations.